FAQs:
1. Can bioprinted organs be rejected by the body?
Immune system reactions and tissue acceptance are critical considerations in clinical evaluations. Using a patient’s own cells largely reduces immune rejection risks, but some immune responses may still occur depending on bio-ink materials and implant integration.
2. Are bioprinted organs covered by insurance?
Currently, insurance coverage is limited due to the novelty of these products and unresolved regulatory and liability issues. As clinical evidence accumulates and the technology matures in future, insurance systems may evolve to include bioprinted therapies.
3. How is the quality of bioprinted organs assured?
Quality assurance is complex, involving standardized testing for bio-ink composition, cell viability, mechanical stability, and functional performance. Regulatory frameworks are emerging to supervise every stage, from design to implantation, to ensure reliable clinical outcomes.
Reference
1. Mandrycky, C., Wang, Z., Kim, K., et al. (2016). 3D bioprinting for engineering complex tissues. Biotechnology advances, 34(4), 422-434.
2. Loukelis, K., Koutsomarkos, N., Mikos, A. G., et al. (2024). Advances in 3D bioprinting for regenerative medicine applications. Regenerative Biomaterials, 11, rbae033.
3. Parihar, A., Pandita, V., Kumar, A., et al. (2021). 3D Printing: Advancement in Biogenerative Engineering to Combat Shortage of Organs and Bioapplicable Materials. Regenerative Engineering and Translational Medicine, 8(2), 173.
4. Lee, V. K., Lanzi, A. M., Ngo, H., et al. (2014). Generation of multi-scale vascular network system within 3D hydrogel using 3D bio-printing technology. Cellular and molecular bioengineering, 7(3), 460-472.
5. Tasnim, N., De la Vega, L., Anil Kumar, S., et al. (2018). 3D bioprinting stem cell derived tissues. Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering, 11(4), 219-240.
6. Gopinathan, J., & Noh, I. (2018). Recent trends in bioinks for 3D printing. Biomaterials research, 22(1), 11.
7. Rossi, A., Pescara, T., Gambelli, A. M., et al. (2024). Biomaterials for extrusion-based bioprinting and biomedical applications. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 12, 1393641.
8. Barui, S. (2021). 3D inkjet printing of biomaterials: Principles and applications. Medical Devices & Sensors, 4(1), e10143.
9. Kérourédan, O., Bourget, J. M., Rémy, M., et al. (2019). Micropatterning of endothelial cells to create a capillary-like network with defined architecture by laser-assisted bioprinting. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 30(2), 28.
10. Koch, L., Deiwick, A., Soriano, J., et al. (2023). Laser bioprinting of human iPSC-derived neural stem cells and neurons: effect on cell survival, multipotency, differentiation, and neuronal activity. International Journal of Bioprinting, 9(2), 672.
11. Elkhoury, K., Zuazola, J., & Vijayavenkataraman, S. (2023). Bioprinting the future using light: A review on photocrosslinking reactions, photoreactive groups, and photoinitiators. SLAS technology, 28(3), 142-151.
12. Priyadarshini, B. M., Dikshit, V., & Zhang, Y. (2020). 3D-printed bioreactors for in vitro modeling and analysis. International journal of bioprinting, 6(4), 267.
13. Javaid, M., & Haleem, A. (2021). 3D bioprinting applications for the printing of skin: A brief study. Sensors International, 2, 100123.
14. Pan, R. L., Martyniak, K., Karimzadeh, M., et al. (2022). Systematic review on the application of 3D-bioprinting technology in orthoregeneration: current achievements and open challenges. Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics, 9(1), 95.
15. Liu, N., Ye, X., Yao, B., et al. (2021). Advances in 3D bioprinting technology for cardiac tissue engineering and regeneration. Bioactive Materials, 6(5), 1388-1401.
16. Cadena, M., Ning, L., King, A., et al. (2020). Three Dimensional Bioprinting of Neural Tissues. Advanced healthcare materials, 10(15), e2001600.
17. Jorgensen, A. M., Yoo, J. J., & Atala, A. (2020). Solid organ bioprinting: strategies to achieve organ function. Chemical Reviews, 120(19), 11093-11127.
18. Yang, K., Wang, L., Vijayavenkataraman, S., et al. (2024). Recent applications of three-dimensional bioprinting in drug discovery and development. Advanced drug delivery reviews, 214, 115456.
19. Zhang, Z., Chen, X., Gao, S., et al. (2024). 3D bioprinted tumor model: a prompt and convenient platform for overcoming immunotherapy resistance by recapitulating the tumor microenvironment. Cellular Oncology, 47(4), 1113-1126.
20. Rahmani Dabbagh, S., Rezapour Sarabi, M., Birtek, M. T., et al. (2023). 3D bioprinted organ‐on‐chips. Aggregate, 4(1), e197.
21. Murphy, S. V., De Coppi, P., & Atala, A. (2020). Opportunities and challenges of translational 3D bioprinting. Nature biomedical engineering, 4(4), 370-380.
22. Mazzocchi, A., Soker, S., & Skardal, A. (2019). 3D bioprinting for high-throughput screening: Drug screening, disease modeling, and precision medicine applications. Applied physics reviews, 6(1).
23. Suarez-Martinez, A. D., Sole-Gras, M., Dykes, S. S., et al. (2021). Bioprinting on live tissue for investigating cancer cell dynamics. Tissue Engineering Part A, 27(7-8), 438-453.
24. Ostrovidov, S., Salehi, S., Costantini, M., et al. (2019). 3D bioprinting in skeletal muscle tissue engineering. Small, 15(24), 1805530.
25. Kasegn, M. M., Gebremedhn, H. M., Yaekob, A. T., et al. (2025). The power of deoxyribonucleic acid and bio-robotics in creating new global revolution: a review. Health Nanotechnology, 1(1), 3.
26. Joshi, A., Choudhury, S., Gugulothu, S. B., et al. (2022). Strategies to promote vascularization in 3D printed tissue scaffolds: trends and challenges. Biomacromolecules, 23(7), 2730-2751.
27. Bertassoni, L. E. (2022). Bioprinting of complex multicellular organs with advanced functionality—recent progress and challenges ahead. Advanced Materials, 34(3), 2101321.
28. Mathur, V., Agarwal, P., Kasturi, M., et al. (2025). Innovative bioinks for 3D bioprinting: Exploring technological potential and regulatory challenges. Journal of Tissue Engineering, 16, 20417314241308022, 1–31.
29. Mladenovska, T., Choong, P. F., Wallace, G. G., et al. (2023). The regulatory challenge of 3D bioprinting. Regenerative medicine, 18(8), 659-674.
30. Tong, A., Pham, Q. L., Abatemarco, P., et al. (2021). Review of low-cost 3D bioprinters: state of the market and observed future trends. SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation, 26(4), 333-366.
31. Puistola, P., Huhtanen, S., Hopia, K., et al. (2025). Multi-material 3D bioprinting of human stem cells to engineer complex human corneal structures with stroma and epithelium. Bioprinting, 46, e00391.
32. Zhao, W., Hu, C., & Xu, T. (2023). In vivo bioprinting: Broadening the therapeutic horizon for tissue injuries. Bioactive Materials, 25, 201-222.
33. Dufour, A., Essayan, L., Thomann, C., et al. (2024). Confined bioprinting and culture in inflatable bioreactor for the sterile bioproduction of tissues and organs. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 11003.
34. Lee, H. (2023). Engineering in vitro models: Bioprinting of organoids with artificial intelligence. Cyborg and Bionic Systems, 4, 0018.
35. Ferreira, J. N., Rungarunlert, S., Urkasemsin, G., et al. (2016). Three‐dimensional bioprinting nanotechnologies towards clinical application of stem cells and their secretome in salivary gland regeneration. Stem Cells International, 2016(1), 7564689.
36. Li, K., Huang, W., Guo, H., et al. (2023). Advancements in robotic arm-based 3D bioprinting for biomedical applications. Life Medicine, 2(6), lnad046.
