{"id":259,"date":"2026-01-14T13:31:00","date_gmt":"2026-01-14T08:01:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.najao.com\/learn\/?p=259"},"modified":"2026-01-26T02:12:32","modified_gmt":"2026-01-25T20:42:32","slug":"microrobots-and-nanorobots","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.najao.com\/learn\/microrobots-and-nanorobots\/","title":{"rendered":"Microrobots and Nanorobots: Revolutionizing Industries from Medicine to Manufacturing"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Have you ever imagined that machines would become so small that they can swim through your bloodstream, build microscopic components with atomic precision, or clean pollutants from a single drop of water? This is no longer a fantasy or the realm of science fiction. It is becoming a reality in the evolving world of microrobots and nanorobots<strong><sup>1<\/sup><\/strong>. Microrobots work at the micrometer scale, while nanorobots work on the nanometer scale, and have the potential to transform diverse fields\u2014from healthcare to manufacturing to environmental cleanup.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Microrobots and nanorobots aren\u2019t just miniaturized versions of regular robots. Rather, they operate at the molecular level to interact with the world in fundamentally different ways. Unlike macro-scale robots, which are strongly influenced by gravity and inertia, for these tiny machines, fluid viscosity, Brownian motion, and surface tension become critical factors that guide their movement and control.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is not surprising that the tiny size of microrobots and nanorobots allows them to access hard-to-reach environments\u2014inside human organs, intricate electronics, or polluted microenvironments. This helps them to perform tasks ranging from sensing and diagnosis to material manipulation and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.najao.com\/learn\/drug-delivery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">drug delivery<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The development of microrobots and nanorobots requires interdisciplinary collaboration across materials science, engineering (mechanical, electrical, chemical), chemistry, biology, and medicine. The advancements in these fields are fueling the rapid innovation we&#8217;re seeing in this exciting field.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Powering and control of microrobots and nanorobots<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Given their tiny scales, it would be impractical to even think about using any onboard batteries or complex electronics to control these tiny robots. Therefore, they are controlled by an innovative blend of external energy sources and sophisticated control systems, working in harmony.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">External actuation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Researchers widely use magnetic fields to actuate both microrobots and nanorobots<strong><sup>2<\/sup><\/strong>. They have tiny magnets or magnetic coatings embedded in them, which enables them to be controlled by precision magnetic fields via powerful electromagnetic coils placed outside the body or the work environment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Acoustic actuation:<\/strong>\u00a0Focused ultrasound waves push or trap microrobots<strong><sup>3<\/sup><\/strong>. This technique is especially useful for applications where magnetic fields aren\u2019t ideal, and also for moving swarms of robots.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Optical actuation:<\/strong>\u00a0Light of specific wavelengths from lasers or LEDs can precisely control specialized robots<strong><sup>4<\/sup><\/strong>. This approach works especially well in transparent environments, such as when manipulating fluids and cells on tiny chips used for laboratory testing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chemical propulsion:<\/strong>&nbsp;Some robots use chemical reactions\u2014such as breaking down hydrogen peroxide in their environment\u2014to produce thrust<strong><sup>5<\/sup><\/strong>. This approach allows autonomous movement, particularly in liquid environments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Biological motors:<\/strong>&nbsp;In some designs, tiny robots move by exploiting natural microscopic motors found in living organisms, like the flagella that bacteria use to swim<strong><sup>6<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Electric fields: <\/strong>Applying electric fields across a solution can drive movement via electrophoresis or, in the case of non-uniform fields, cause &#8216;tweezing&#8217; effects through dielectrophoresis<strong><sup>7<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Steering, sensing, and feedback<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Remote guidance and real-time imaging:<\/strong>&nbsp;The same fields, such as magnetic or acoustic fields, that are used to generate movement also serve to control individual robots or entire swarms. This control is supported by advanced imaging tools like MRI, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.najao.com\/learn\/ultrasound-imaging\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ultrasound imaging<\/a>, or optical microscopy, which track the robots\u2019 positions and provide feedback so that commands can be refined for accurate movement<strong><sup>8<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Environmental sensing and smart response:<\/strong>&nbsp;These tiny robots are being equipped with sensors that detect local conditions\u2014such as acidity, temperature, or disease markers\u2014enabling them to autonomously perform actions like releasing medicine at the targeted site<strong><sup>9<\/sup><\/strong>. However, both the sensors and onboard intelligence remain at a very rudimentary stage.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Swarm coordination:<\/strong>\u00a0Inspired by the coordinated group behaviors of biological swarms like bees or ants, engineers are developing algorithms to enable thousands of microbots to work cooperatively, to tackle complex tasks beyond the ability of any single machine<strong><sup>10<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Microrobots in healthcare<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Microrobots have numerous potential use cases in medicine, and they are set to change how we diagnose, treat, and monitor diseases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Precision drug and gene delivery<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Unlike conventional treatments, which affect both healthy and diseased cells, microrobots are a core tool of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.najao.com\/learn\/precision-medicine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">precision medicine<\/a> because they can target specific tissues or tumors and release drugs exactly where needed<strong><sup>11<\/sup><\/strong>. This helps to reduce side effects and improve drug efficacy. For gene therapy, clinicians can use them to deliver genetic material to precise cell populations with utmost specificity, promising new cures for genetic disorders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Diagnostics and minimally invasive surgery<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Microrobots may soon replace or complement invasive procedures. Their ability to perform both real-time imaging and therapeutic tasks makes them valuable for <a href=\"http:\/\/www.najao.com\/learn\/theranostics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">theranostics<\/a>. They can navigate blood vessels and internal organs for biopsying hard-to-reach tissue or even clearing blockages like clots<strong><sup>12<\/sup><\/strong>. In neurosurgery or delicate eye operations, their precision can help to improve safety and outcomes dramatically.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fighting infections and antimicrobial resistance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Microrobots can physically disrupt <a href=\"https:\/\/www.najao.com\/learn\/biofilm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">biofilms<\/a> and deliver antibiotics at the source, in addition to targeting free-floating pathogens<strong><sup>13<\/sup><\/strong>. Therefore, they are a potential tool against <a href=\"https:\/\/www.najao.com\/learn\/antimicrobial-resistance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">drug-resistant microbes<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Real-Time biosensing and health monitoring<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Microrobots are being engineered to detect biochemical signals\u2014such as pH levels, glucose, or specific disease markers\u2014from within the body in real time<strong><sup>9<\/sup><\/strong>. This will open up possibilities in early diagnosis, preventative care, and better chronic disease management.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tissue engineering and organ development<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Microrobots can be used to place individual cells with microscopic accuracy, which can be exploited in the construction of 3D-bioprinted scaffolds and help develop more complex <a href=\"https:\/\/www.najao.com\/learn\/organoids\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">organoids<\/a> for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.najao.com\/learn\/regenerative-medicine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">regenerative medicine<\/a><strong><sup>14<\/sup><\/strong>. This will ultimately help to make more efficient disease models for drug testing and disease research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Industrial, environmental, and agricultural impact<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Microrobots are beginning to show transformative potential in other sectors as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Micro-assembly in manufacturing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Compared to traditional machinery, microrobots possess far superior capabilities for precise fabrication, operating at a scale that makes them highly valuable in microelectronics and MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems)<strong><sup>15<\/sup><\/strong>. This, in turn, enables them to perform real-time quality control and detect minuscule defects that are invisible to human inspectors. The ability of microrobots to self-assemble or repair materials can significantly extend the life and efficiency of components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Environmental cleanup and monitoring<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Microrobots can act as precision tools for pollution detection and remediation by identifying and removing microplastics, neutralizing toxins, or breaking down oil spills<strong><sup>16<\/sup><\/strong>. Their scalable operation allows them to monitor underground or underwater ecosystems for detecting early signs of contamination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Smart agriculture and food safety<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In agriculture, microrobots are capable of delivering nutrients or pesticides directly to the roots or leaves of individual plants<strong><sup>17<\/sup><\/strong>. This precision could help to reduce waste and chemical runoff significantly. Beyond delivery, they could also detect early-stage plant diseases or monitor soil health in real-time. In food processing industries, microrobots promise to ensure improved food safety and reduce spoilage by detecting pathogens or contaminants before products reach shelves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Applications in defense and energy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>These tiny robots are being explored for defense, security, and energy infrastructure as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Defense and surveillance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Microrobots could serve as stealthy surveillance tools, to navigate hazardous areas or collapsed buildings and collect data with minimal risk. They can also potentially be used to detect chemical and biological hazards, neutralize mines, and inspect damaged infrastructure in warzones or disaster sites<strong><sup>18<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Energy infrastructure and innovation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Microrobots could be used to inspect and maintain pipelines, reactors, or turbines, especially to navigate dangerous or confined environments that are inaccessible to humans. They also have potential uses in energy harvesting\u2014collecting energy from vibrations or light\u2014or enhancing battery materials at the nanoscale<strong><sup>19<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Challenges and the road ahead<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Notwithstanding their promise, several hurdles restrict the widespread deployment of micro- and nanorobots.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Fabrication and mass production<\/strong>: It is highly challenging to create these complex, functional machines at such tiny scales with consistent quality and at a cost-effective rate<strong><sup>20<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Powering and untethered control<\/strong>: Active research is addressing how to provide sustainable power sources for autonomous operation and achieve precise, real-time control in complex, often unpredictable environments (like the human body) without external tethers<strong><sup>21<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Navigation and precise targeting<\/strong>: Sophisticated sensing and control algorithms are required to guide these robots through dynamic, intricate biological or industrial systems, in order to ensure that they reach their exact destination with high accuracy<strong><sup>22<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Biocompatibility and degradation<\/strong>: It\u2019s of utmost importance to ensure that these robots are biocompatible during their function and can degrade or be safely excreted after their <em>in-vivo<\/em> medical applications<strong><sup>23<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ethical and regulatory considerations<\/strong>: Like all new technologies, the practical application of micro- and nanorobots needs to navigate the complex ethical dilemmas and require the establishment of clear <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/science-research\/nanotechnology-programs-fda\/fdas-approach-regulation-nanotechnology-products\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">regulatory<\/a> pathways for approval and safe use<strong><sup>24<\/sup><\/strong>. This is particularly crucial for in-vivo applications, where the technology overlaps with the field of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.najao.com\/learn\/nanomedicine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">nanomedicine<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A future driven by intelligence and collaboration<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A more exciting feature beacons in this field of microrobots.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The integration of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.najao.com\/learn\/artificial-intelligence-applications-in-healthcare\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">artificial intelligence<\/a> into microrobotics will empower these machines to make smart, autonomous decisions, adapting in real-time to changing environments<strong><sup>25<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Swarm robotics\u2014where thousands of microbots operate cooperatively like a beehive\u2014could amplify their capabilities exponentially, allowing them to perform tasks too complex for individual bots<strong><sup>10<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Coupled with ongoing advances in materials science, bioelectronics, and propulsion systems, the field is not just set to solve existing problems but create entirely new paradigms of technology and interaction. In the not-so-distant future, these invisible innovators may become truly omnipresent\u2014 working within our bodies, revolutionizing industries, and transforming our environment\u2014quietly reshaping the world at a scale we can barely see, yet increasingly depend upon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">FAQs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. How are these microrobots and nanorobots actually made?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Specialized techniques are used to build them, including 3D printing at the micro-scale, and a process called lithography, which carves tiny patterns into materials. Some nanorobots are even built using biological molecules like DNA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. How do we see these microrobots and nanorobots in real-time?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Scientists use high-powered microscopes like optical microscopes, scanning electron microscopes (SEM), and transmission electron microscopes (TEM) to view and track them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. What is the current status of microrobots and nanorobots? Are they being used today?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Most microrobots and nanorobots are still in the research and development phase in laboratories. While some early prototypes exist, they aren&#8217;t yet widely available for commercial or medical use due to various technical and regulatory challenges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reference<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Ju, X., Chen, C., Oral, C. M., et al. (2025). Technology Roadmap of Micro\/Nanorobots.&nbsp;ACS nano.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Zhou, H., Mayorga-Martinez, C. C., Pan\u00e9, S., <em>et al<\/em>. (2021). Magnetically driven micro and nanorobots.&nbsp;<em>Chemical Reviews<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>121<\/em>(8), 4999-5041.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Leal-Estrada, M., Valdez-Gardu\u00f1o, M., Soto, F., <em>et al<\/em>. (2021). Engineering ultrasound fields to power medical micro\/nanorobots.&nbsp;<em>Current Robotics Reports<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>2<\/em>(1), 21-32.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. Wang, X., Jia, S., Gao, Y., <em>et al<\/em>. (2025). Optical-driven Miniature Robots: Driving Mechanism, Applications and Future Trends.&nbsp;<em>Lab on a Chip<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. Feng, Y., An, M., Liu, Y., <em>et al<\/em>. (2023). Advances in chemically powered micro\/nanorobots for biological applications: a review.&nbsp;<em>Advanced functional materials<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>33<\/em>(1), 2209883.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. Bell, D. J., Leutenegger, S., Hammar, K. M., <em>et al<\/em>. (2007, April). Flagella-like propulsion for microrobots using a nanocoil and a rotating electromagnetic field. In&nbsp;<em>Proceedings 2007 IEEE international conference on robotics and automation<\/em>&nbsp;(pp. 1128-1133). IEEE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7. Katzmeier, F., &amp; Simmel, F. C. (2023). Microrobots powered by concentration polarization electrophoresis (CPEP).&nbsp;<em>Nature Communications<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>14<\/em>(1), 6247.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8. Aziz, A., Pane, S., Iacovacci, V., <em>et al<\/em>. (2020). Medical imaging of microrobots: Toward in vivo applications.&nbsp;<em>ACS nano<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>14<\/em>(9), 10865-10893.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>9. Neettiyath, A., &amp; Pumera, M. (2025). Micro\/Nanorobots for Advanced Light\u2010Based Biosensing and Imaging.&nbsp;<em>Advanced Functional Materials<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>35<\/em>(8), 2415875.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>10. Jin, D., &amp; Zhang, L. (2021). Collective behaviors of magnetic active matter: Recent progress toward reconfigurable, adaptive, and multifunctional swarming micro\/nanorobots.&nbsp;<em>Accounts of Chemical Research<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>55<\/em>(1), 98-109.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>11. Soto, F., Wang, J., Ahmed, R., <em>et al<\/em>. (2020). Medical micro\/nanorobots in precision medicine.&nbsp;<em>Advanced science<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>7<\/em>(21), 2002203.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>12. Zhang, L., Wang, S., &amp; Hou, Y. (2025). Magnetic Micro\/nanorobots in Cancer Theranostics: From Designed Fabrication to Diverse Applications.&nbsp;<em>ACS nano<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>19<\/em>(8), 7444-7481.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>13. Mayorga-Martinez, C. C., Zhang, L., &amp; Pumera, M. (2024). Chemical multiscale robotics for bacterial biofilm treatment.&nbsp;<em>Chemical Society Reviews<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>53<\/em>(5), 2284-2299.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>14. Zarepour, A., Khosravi, A., Iravani, S., <em>et al<\/em>. (2024). Biohybrid micro\/nanorobots: pioneering the next generation of medical technology.&nbsp;<em>Advanced Healthcare Materials<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>13<\/em>(31), 2402102.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>15. Wich, T., Mikczinski, M., &amp; Fatikow, S. (2010, June). Micro-\/Nano-Integration for MEMS based on nano-robotic assembly. In&nbsp;<em>ISR 2010 (41st International Symposium on Robotics) and ROBOTIK 2010 (6th German Conference on Robotics)<\/em>&nbsp;(pp. 1-8). VDE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>16. Preetam, S. (2024). Nano revolution: pioneering the future of water reclamation with micro-\/nano-robots.&nbsp;<em>Nanoscale Advances<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>6<\/em>(10), 2569-2581.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>17. Maria\u2010Hormigos, R., Mayorga\u2010Martinez, C. C., &amp; Pumera, M. (2023). Magnetic hydrogel microrobots as insecticide carriers for in vivo insect pest control in plants.&nbsp;<em>Small<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>19<\/em>(51), 2204887.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>18. Li, S., Zhou, H., Shi, D., <em>et al<\/em>. (2025). Micro\/nanorobots for detecting and eliminating biological and chemical warfare agents.&nbsp;<em>BMEMat<\/em>, e70021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>19. Liang, Z., He, J., Hu, C., <em>et al<\/em>. (2023). Next\u2010generation energy harvesting and storage technologies for robots across all scales.&nbsp;<em>Advanced Intelligent Systems<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>5<\/em>(4), 2200045.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>20. Liu, J., Zhuang, R., Zhou, D., <em>et al<\/em>. (2024). Design and manufacturing of micro\/nanorobots.&nbsp;<em>International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>6<\/em>(6), 062006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>21. Sitti, M. (2007). Microscale and nanoscale robotics systems [grand challenges of robotics].&nbsp;<em>IEEE Robotics &amp; Automation Magazine<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>14<\/em>(1), 53-60.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>22. Wu, Z., Chen, Y., Mukasa, D., <em>et al<\/em>. (2020). Medical micro\/nanorobots in complex media.&nbsp;<em>Chemical Society Reviews<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>49<\/em>(22), 8088-8112.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>23. Das, T., &amp; Sultana, S. (2024). Multifaceted applications of micro\/nanorobots in pharmaceutical drug delivery systems: a comprehensive review.&nbsp;<em>Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>10<\/em>(1), 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>24. Soto, F., &amp; Chrostowski, R. (2018). Frontiers of medical micro\/nanorobotics: in vivo applications and commercialization perspectives toward clinical uses.&nbsp;<em>Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>6<\/em>, 170.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>25. Yang, L., Jiang, J., Ji, F., <em>et al<\/em>. (2024). Machine learning for micro-and nanorobots.&nbsp;<em>Nature Machine Intelligence<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>6<\/em>(6), 605-618.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Have you ever imagined that machines would become so small that they can swim through your bloodstream, build microscopic components with atomic precision, or clean pollutants from a single drop of water? It is becoming a reality in the evolving world of microrobots and nanorobots, which have the potential to transform diverse fields.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":260,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17,7],"tags":[],"coauthors":[10],"class_list":["post-259","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biomedical-engineering","category-nanotechnology"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Microrobots and Nanorobots in Medicine to Manufacturing<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Microrobots and nanorobots operate at the molecular level to build microscopic components with atomic precision, or clean pollutants from water drop.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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